One Hundred and fourty four years ago today, April 22nd, The US Congress passes the Coinage Act of 1864 which mandated that the inscription “In God We Trust” be placed on all coins minted as United States currency.

The motto was placed on United States coins largely because of the increased religious sentiment resulting from horror, carnage and resulting dispair of the Civil War. Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase received many appeals from devout persons throughout the country, urging that the United States recognize the Deity on United States coins.

From Treasury Department records, it appears that the first such appeal came in a letter dated November 13, 1861. It was written to Secretary Chase by Rev. M. R. Watkinson, Minister of the Gospel from Ridleyville, Pennsylvania, and read:

Dear Sir: You are about to submit your annual report to the Congress respecting the affairs of the national finances.

One fact touching our currency has hitherto been seriously overlooked. I mean the recognition of the Almighty God in some form on our coins.

You are probably a Christian. What if our Republic were not shattered beyond reconstruction? Would not the antiquaries of succeeding centuries rightly reason from our past that we were a heathen nation? What I propose is that instead of the goddess of liberty we shall have next inside the 13 stars a ring inscribed with the words PERPETUAL UNION; within the ring the allseeing eye, crowned with a halo; beneath this eye the American flag, bearing in its field stars equal to the number of the States united; in the folds of the bars the words GOD, LIBERTY, LAW.

This would make a beautiful coin, to which no possible citizen could object. This would relieve us from the ignominy of heathenism. This would place us openly under the Divine protection we have personally claimed. From my hearth I have felt our national shame in disowning God as not the least of our present national disasters.

To you first I address a subject that must be agitated.

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What eventually became the Roman Empire began as settlements around the Palatine Hill along the river Tiber in Central Italy. The river was navigable up to that place. The site also had a ford where the Tiber could be crossed. The Palatine Hill and hills surrounding it presented easily defensible positions in the wide fertile plain surrounding them. All these features contributed to the success of the city.

The traditional account of Roman history, which has come down to us through Livy, Plutarch, Dionysius of Halicarnassus and others, is that in Rome’s first centuries, it was ruled by a succession of seven kings. Archaeological evidence does, however, support that a settlement was founded in Rome around the middle of the 8th century BC.

According to legend, the foundation of Rome took place 438 years after the capture of Troy (1182 BC), according to Velleius Paterculus (VIII, 5). It took place shortly before an eclipse of the sun; some have identified this eclipse as one observed at Rome on June 25, 745 BC.

The traditional date for the founding of Rome, based on a mythological account, is April 21, 753 BC, and the city and surrounding region of Latium has continued to be inhabited with little interruption since around that time. (more…)

President Bush to Present Nation’s Highest Civilian Honor to Cardiovascular Medicine Pioneer

WASHINGTON – The United States Capitol Rotunda will be the backdrop on April 23 when President George W. Bush presents the Congressional Gold Medal to heart surgeon Michael E. DeBakey, M.D.

Public Law 110-95, approved by President Bush on October 16, 2007, authorized the United States Mint to strike a gold medal to honor Dr. DeBakey for his many outstanding contributions to the Nation. Each Congressional Gold Medal is individually designed to reflect the accomplishments of the recipient. The public law also authorizes the United States Mint to produce and sell bronze reproductions of the medal.

Engraved on the medal’s obverse is an image of Dr. DeBakey in full hospital scrubs, with a surgery in progress in the background. Inscriptions on the obverse are “Michael E. DeBakey, M.D.,” “Act of Congress” and “2007.”

The medal’s reverse design depicts a human heart placed prominently over a globe representing the universal influence of Dr. DeBakey’s teachings on cardiovascular procedures. A ribbon encircling the heart bears the following quote by Dr. DeBakey: “The pursuit of excellence has been my objective in life.”

United States Mint Sculptor-Engraver Don Everhart designed both the obverse and reverse of the Michael DeBakey Congressional Gold Medal.

Three-inch bronze reproductions of the Michael DeBakey Congressional Gold Medal, priced at $38, will be available for purchase beginning noon (ET) on April 23. One and one-half inch miniature bronze replicas of the medal, priced at $3.75, also will be available. Customers may order these medals and other genuine United States Mint products at www.usmint.gov, or at the toll-free number, 1-800-USA-MINT (872-6468). There is an additional shipping and handling fee of $4.95 per order. Presentation cases also are available.